Contents. History Pre-Islamic period (Gulf Region) Pre-Islamic music was similar to that of Ancient Middle Eastern music.
Most historians agree that there existed distinct forms of music in the in the pre-Islamic period between the 5th and 7th century AD. Of that time—called shu`ara' al-Jahiliyah (: شعراء الجاهلية) or 'Jahili poets', meaning 'the poets of the period of ignorance'—used to recite poems with a high notes. It was believed that revealed poems to poets and music to musicians. The at the time served as a pedagogic facility where the educated poets would recite their poems. Singing was not thought to be the work of these intellectuals and was instead entrusted to women with beautiful voices who would learn how to play some instruments used at that time such as the, the or the, and perform the songs while respecting the. The compositions were simple and every singer would sing in a single. Among the notable songs of the period were the huda (from which the ghina derived), the nasb, sanad, and rukbani.
Early Islamic period. An 8th century from, Syria. Both and in traditional Arabic music are based on the system. Maqams can be realized with either or music, and do not include a component. (801–873 AD) was a notable early theorist of Arabic music. He joined several others like in proposing the addition of a makeshift fifth string to the oud.
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He published several tracts on musical theory, including the cosmological connotations of music. He identified twelve tones on the Arabic musical scale, based on the location of fingers on and the strings of the oud. (897–967) wrote the, an encyclopedic collection of poems and songs that runs to over 20 volumes in modern editions. (872–950) wrote a notable book on titled (The Great Book of Music). His pure is still used in Arabic music. (1059–1111) wrote a treatise on music in which declared, 'Ecstasy means the state that comes from listening to music'. In 1252, developed a unique form of, where were represented by representation.
A similar geometric representation would not appear in the until 1987, when Kjell Gustafson published a method to represent a rhythm as a two-dimensional graph. Al-Andalus. Main article: By the 11th century, had become a center for the manufacture of instruments. These goods spread gradually throughout, influencing French, and eventually reaching the rest of Europe. The English words, and are derived from Arabic,. 16th to 19th century (1506–1566) spent 13 years as a slave in the.
After escaping, he published De Turvarum ritu et caermoniis in Amsterdam in 1544. It is one of the first European books to describe music in Islamic society.
The origins of the ' are very obscure, as depictions and descriptions are rare. It may have originated in pre-Islamic Arabia. Examples have been found from 200 BCE, suggesting a possible pre-Islamic origin. 20th century–present (Egypt and the Levant).
In the early 20th century, was the first in a series of Arab countries to experience a sudden emergence of, as it became independent after 2000 years of foreign rule. Any English, French or Turkish songs got replaced by national Egyptian music. Became a center for musical innovation. Female singers were some of the first to take a secular approach. Performer and Lebanese singer were notable examples of this.
Both have been popular through the decades that followed and both are considered legends of Arabic music. Across the Mediterranean, Moroccan singer was the first female performer to achieve wide popularity in the Maghreb region, performing traditional Arab Andalusian folk songs and later recording numerous albums of her own. During the 1950s and 1960s, Arabic music began to take on a more Western tone – Egyptian artists and along with composers and Baligh Hamdi pioneered the use of western instruments in Egyptian music.
By the 1970s several other singers had followed suit and a strand of was born. Arabic pop usually consists of Western styled songs with Arabic instruments and lyrics.
Melodies are often a mix between Eastern and Western. Beginning in the mid-1980s, musical widely regarded as the first rock star of the fused English lyrics and Western sound with Middle-Eastern and and became the first internationally successful Lebanese recording artist. Western was also being influenced by Arabic music in the early 1960s, leading to the development of, a genre that later gave rise to. Surf rock pioneer, a, was greatly influenced by the Arabic music he learnt from his uncle, particularly the oud and derbakki (doumbek) drum, skills which he later applied to his playing when recording surf rock in the early 1960s. In the 1990s, several artists have taken up such a style including,. Influence of Arabic music.
Main article: There has also been a rise of, and influenced Arab music in the past couple of years. These songs usually feature a in a traditional song (such as 's song 'Habibi Sawah'). The Moroccan singer developed a contemporary version of the genre that is fused with which he named Gnawitone Styla. Another variation of contemporary played in is introduced. Based in, the group fuses with.
Political artists such as TootArd from the occupied from (Originally from Iqrith) started gaining popularity in in 2011 after the premiere of a song about the (mainly the revolution), called 'The Green Revolution', sung by them and an ensemble of Palestinian artists, most notable among them being Mahmoud Jrere of. Notable is, a Palestinian British rapper known as 'The First Lady of Arab Hip Hop.' Much of her music focuses on the Palestinian cause. Also there is the introduced by the Moroccan singer who's mixing between the American and the Moroccan music in his songs. However certain artists have taken to using full R&B and reggae beats and styling such as.
This has been met with mixed critical and commercial reaction. As of now it is not a widespread genre. Arabic electronica is another genre to come out into popularity. Often, songs in this genre would combine electronic musical instruments with traditional Middle Eastern instruments. Artists like popularized this style with songs like 'Ana Lubnaneyoun'. Arabic jazz Another popular form of West meets East, Arabic is also popular, with many songs using jazz instruments. Early jazz influences began with the use of the saxophone by musicians like Samir Suroor, in the 'oriental' style.
The use of the saxophone in that manner can be found in 's songs, as well as Kadim Al Sahir and Rida Al Abdallah today. The first mainstream jazz elements were incorporated into Arabic music by the. 's later work was almost exclusively made up of jazz songs, composed by her son.
Ziad Rahbani also pioneered today's oriental jazz movement, to which singers including Rima Khcheich, Salma El Mosfi, and (on occasion) adhere. We can also find a lot of jazz music in 's songs starting from his first album in 1977, and he is considered to be the King of Arabic Jazz and Arabic Music generally.
Another notable performer of this genre is the Palestinian singer who blends jazz with Arabic music, both in her own compositions and in her arrangements of traditional songs. Arabic Jazz has met many new kinds of composition since the end of the 20th century:. Modal forms with and. Mixed electric sound experiences with. New pop jazz styles with and. Other acoustic youth experiences with, and Arabic rock is popular all around the world, the Arab world being no exception. There have been many bands along the years that fused, and sounds with traditional Arab instruments.
Arabic rock has been gaining a lot of attention lately in the with bands like, and of, and of, Sahara, and Cartoon Killerz of, and Chaos of and of. The band from is also gaining popularity, especially in the region., an musician, plays a fusion of.
Musical regions The world of modern Arabic music has long been dominated by musical trends that have emerged from,. The city is generally considered a in the Arab world. Innovations in popular music via the influence of other regional styles have also abounded from to. In recent years, has become an important city where singers can fluently sing in various. Other regional styles that have enjoyed status throughout the Arab world, including: North Africa. The Musician. Much of Arabic music is characterized by an emphasis on and, as opposed to.
There are some genres of Arabic music that are, but typically, Arabic music is. Submits that there are five components that characterize Arabic music:. The; that is, a system that relies on specific interval structures and was invented by in the 10th century. Rhythmic-temporal structures that produce a rich variety of patterns, known as or 'weight', that are used to accompany metered vocal and instrumental genres, to accent or give them form.
A number of that are found throughout the Arab world that represent a standardized, are played with generally standardized performance techniques, and display similar details in construction and design. Specific social contexts that produce sub-categories of Arabic music, or musical genres that can be broadly classified as urban (music of the city inhabitants), rural (music of the country inhabitants), or (music of the desert inhabitants).' . An Arab musical mentality, 'responsible for the esthetic homogeneity of the tonal-spatial and rhythmic-temporal structures throughout the Arab world whether or, or, or.' Touma describes this musical mentality as being composed of many things. Maqam system. Main article: The maqam consists of at least two ajnas, or scale segments.
Ajnas is the plural form of jins, which in Arabic comes from the Latin word genus, meaning 'type'. In practice, a jins is either a (three notes), a (four notes), or a (five notes).
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A maqam usually covers only one (usually two ajnas), but can cover more. Like the melodic minor scale, some maqamat use different ajnas when descending and ascending. Due to continuous innovation and the emergence of new ajnas, and because most music scholars have not reached consensus on the subject, a solid figure for the total number of ajnas in use is uncertain. In practice, however, most musicians would agree there are at least eight major ajnas: rast, bayat, sikah, hijaz, saba, kurd, nahawand, and ajam, and commonly used variants such as nakriz, athar kurd, sikah beladi, saba zamzama. For example, Mukhalif is a rare jins (in the Sikah) family used almost exclusively in Iraq, and it is not used in combination with other ajnas. Microtones in Arabic music Unlike the tradition of Western music, Arabic music contains, which are notes that lie between notes in the Western.
While notes in the chromatic scale are separated by (or half steps), notes in Arabic music can be separated. In some treatments of theory, the quarter tone scale or all twenty four tones should exist, but according to (1969), fewer tones are used in practice. Additionally, in 1932, at the held in Cairo, Egypt—and attended by such Western luminaries as and —experiments were done that determined conclusively that the notes in actual use differ substantially from an even-tempered 24-tone scale. Furthermore, the intonation of many of those notes differ slightly from region to region (Egypt, Turkey, Syria, Iraq).
Regional scales As a result of these findings, the following recommendation was issued: 'The tempered scale and the natural scale should be rejected. In Egypt, the Egyptian scale is to be kept with the values, which were measured with all possible precision. The Turkish, Syrian, and Iraqi scales should remain what they are.'
Both in modern practice, and evident in recorded music over the course of the last century, several differently-tuned Es in between the E-flat and E-natural of the Western Chromatic scale are used, that vary according to the types of maqams and ajnas used, and the region in which they are used. Practical treatment Musicians and teachers refer to these in-between notes as, using 'half-flat' or 'half-sharp' as a designation for the in-between flats and sharps, for ease of nomenclature. Performance and teaching of the exact values of intonation in each jins or maqam is usually done by ear. It should also be added, in reference to 's comment above, that these quarter tones are not used everywhere in the maqamat: in practice, Arabic music does not modulate to 12 different tonic areas like the. The most commonly used quarter tones are on E (between E and E ♭), A, B, D, F (between F and F ♯), and C.
Vocal traditions Arab classical music is known for its famed virtuoso singers, who sing long, elaborately ornamented, melismatic tunes, and are known for driving audiences into ecstasy. Its traditions come from pre- times, when female singing entertained the wealthy, inspired warriors on the battlefield with their rajaz poetry, and performed at. Instruments and ensembles. Playing a in. The prototypical Arabic music ensemble in Egypt and Syria is known as the, and includes, (or included at different time periods) instruments such as the, (introduced in the 1840s or 50s),. In Iraq, the traditional ensemble, known as the, includes only two melodic instruments—the jowza (similar to the rabab but with four strings) and —accompanied by the.
The Arab world has incorporated instruments from the West, including the, and, and incorporated influences from jazz and other foreign musical styles. The singers have remained the stars, however, especially after the development of the recording and film industry in the 1920s in. These singing celebrities are (or were) the biggest stars in Arabic classic music, they include, and See also.